Styx guitarist tommy shaw

Styx guitarist tommy shaw

Jul 7, 2020 · 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence ... In the winter of 1975, Tommy Shaw was asked to audition in Chicago for the band Styx without ever having to take out his guitar. After the band listened to Shaw’s demo tape and found him able to sing the high notes from “Lady,” he was hired. We’ll pre-date the ‘80s just a bit to reference the band’s 1977 magnum opus, The Grand ...For over three decades, Tommy Shaw has been a singer-guitarist for classic rock titans Styx.For all he's accomplished over those years, in our exclusive interview below, he showed absolutely zero ...Shaw and the enduring rock band play Pearl Concert Theater at 8 p.m. Sunday. This year, Styx marks the 40th anniversary of its platinum-selling “Grand Illusion” album. It is also Shaw’s 45th ...Jun 6, 2018 · http://www.eagle-rock.com/tommy-shawSing For The Day! showcases Styx guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw's rousing 2016 solo turn with the Cleveland-based Contempo... Styx In Concert. NEW ORLEANS, LA - JANUARY 17: Styx guitarist Tommy Shaw's daughter, Hannah Shaw of Styx's Rock To The Rescue holds up a guitar to be auctioned off for a local charity at the House of Blues on January 17, 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana. (Photo by Skip Bolen/Getty Images) PURCHASE A LICENSE. Standard editorial rights.Jeanne Mason is also famous as the wife of Tommy Shaw, the frontman and guitarist of the rock band, Styx. She is an ardent supporter of her husband and the biggest slice of the cake for her success with Tommy goes to her. 1 Early Life and Childhood; 2 Jeanne Mason – Relationship Status; 3 Jeanne Mason – Professional Life; 4 AwardsIn this photo posted to Facebook by Collings, Tommy Shaw is seen playing a i_30 LC. The post is captioned: Tommy Shaw of Styx on tour with his custom Collings …Tommy Roland Shaw (born September 11, 1953) is an American guitarist, best known for his work with the rock band Styx. In between his stints with Styx, he has played with the supergroup Damn Yankees and has released several solo albums. Tommy Shaw was born in Montgomery, Alabama in 1953 and played with many local bands in his early years.Classic Rock. Styx and their long fall from grace. By Derek Oliver and Geoff Barton. ( Classic Rock ) published 3 December 2015. Having welcomed aboard new guitarist Tommy Shaw, Styx began to enjoy hitherto unexpected chart success. But with stardom came disillusionment and, eventually, the end of the band. It’s a strange world …Styx’s guitarist Tommy Shaw released his own version of Led Zeppelin classic from their fourth album released in 1971, “Going to California.”. “After touring behind two Shaw Blades albums we discussed a second album of covers and actually recorded a few more,” Shaw’s thoughts about the Led Zepellin track. “But we never officially ...Tommy Shaw Biography by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Tommy Shaw joined Styx in 1975, just after the band made the leap to A&M, but he'd come to help define the band's glory years, penning the hard-rocking hits "Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)," "Renegade," "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)," and "Too Much Time on My Hands." Shaw stood in contrast to the …Jun 21, 2019 · 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence ... Jul 12, 2017 · Talking to Classic Rock, Shaw and guitarist/vocalist James ‘JY’ Young both feel that following a lengthy period in the creative doldrums The Mission once again legitimises Styx. For too long they had ground out a living on the road, often revisiting past glories, including the 2012 trek based on vintage albums The Grand Illusion (1977) and ... Styx’s guitarist Tommy Shaw released his own version of Led Zeppelin classic from their fourth album released in 1971, “Going to California.”. “After touring behind two Shaw Blades albums we discussed a second album of covers and actually recorded a few more,” Shaw’s thoughts about the Led Zepellin track. “But we never officially ...Shaw–Blades is an American musical duo/group formed by Tommy Shaw of Styx and Jack Blades of Night Ranger, both of whom played in the supergroup Damn Yankees. It is an informal duo which has produced two albums between other projects, 1995s Hallucination and 2007s Influence. The first two songs on "Hallucination" -- "My Hallucination" and "I ...Girls With Guns. is a classic rock song that was written and performed by Tommy Shaw, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the legendary rock band Styx. The song was originally released as a single from Shaw’s 1984 solo album “Girls With Guns,” which was his first foray into the world of solo recording.By the time Tommy Shaw replaced original guitarist and vocalist John Curulewski for 1976’s Crystal Ball, ... Shaw, however, sees 1978’s hard-rocking Pieces Of Eight as the high point of the perceived ‘classic’ styx line-up of himself, DeYoung, guitarist James ‘JY’ Young and brothers Chuck (bass) and John Panozzo (drums).Guitarist Tommy Shaw replaced John Curulewski back in the mid-70s. Tragically, Curulewski suffered a fatal brain aneurysm in 1988, while John Panozzo died in 1996 from cirrhosis. Tommy Shaw. 48,297 likes · 48 talking about this. Tommy Shaw is a singer, songwriter, and guitarist for the rock band Styx. Tommy Shaw Biography by Stephen Thomas Erlewine. Tommy Shaw joined Styx in 1975, just after the band made the leap to A&M, but he'd come to help define the band's glory years, penning the hard-rocking hits "Fooling Yourself (The Angry Young Man)," "Renegade," "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)," and "Too Much Time on My Hands." Shaw stood in contrast to the …After watching Hagar’s emphatic set, Shaw sought out the Red Rocker the following night. “ [Shaw] comes into my dressing room and said, ‘Dude, I just want to tell you, you just did me the ...47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with …Oct 1, 2020 · 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence ... Tommy Shaw discusses the new Styx album during a June 2021 interview. ... (Putting Out Fire)” -- from veteran guitarist and vocalist James “J.Y.” Young for the epic title track.Nov 20, 2021 · Plus, how he cried the day Wes Montgomery died, and the surprise family connection with his prized ’54 Tele.More Big 5 Videos: http://bit.ly/TheBig5PGSubscri... 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after …Tommy got his start with Styx when the band was looking to replace guitarist & vocalist John Curulewski who had left the band. At the time Tommy was playing with a band named Harvest playing at a ...May 17, 2016 · 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence ... All copyrights are by the author and Vintage Guitar magazine. Unauthorized replication or use is strictly prohibited. "About 10 years ago, we stopped being a rock band," Tommy Shaw opined from the stage. After a pregnant pause, the Styx guitarist/vocalist announced, "We're a classic rock band!" To which the audience responded in noisy agreement. Listen to Renegade (Live at Allstate Arena, Rosemont, Illinois, USA 1996) by Styx. See lyrics and music videos, find Styx tour dates, buy concert tickets, and more! The group evolved into Styx by 1972. Curulewski played guitar and sang occasional lead vocals on the band's first five studio albums, released from 1972 to 1975. Just after the recording of the album Equinox in 1975, Curulewski left Styx to spend more time with his family, and was replaced by Tommy Shaw. As Styx guitarist, Tommy Shaw said at a concert during their ‘united we rock’ tour with REO Speedwagon and Don Felder, “Here is a song about the fleeting nature of fame.”By the time Tommy Shaw replaced original guitarist and vocalist John Curulewski for 1976’s Crystal Ball, the music was more radio friendly, ... Shaw, however, sees 1978’s hard-rocking Pieces Of Eight as the high point of the perceived ‘classic’ styx line-up of himself, DeYoung, guitarist James ‘JY’ Young and brothers Chuck (bass) and …Similarly, he is a member of Styx (rock band). He also wrote “ Girls with Gun ” for the TV series Miami Vice. Tommy Shaw has accumulated $18 million of net worth from his hard work. Author Admin. Jeanne Mason is known as the wife of Tommy Roland Shaw, a famous songwriter, guitarist, and singer. Mason is the third wife of Tommy.Tommy Roland Shaw (born September 11, 1953) is an American guitarist, best known for his work with the rock band Styx. In between his stints with Styx, he has played with the supergroup Damn Yankees and has released several solo albums. Tommy Shaw was born in Montgomery, Alabama in 1953 and played with many local bands in his early years.Before joining Styx on December 12, 1975, a crucial move that would forever change the band’s fortunes, guitarist-singer-songwriter Tommy Shaw …Jun 1, 2012 · news rock hard styx. Condolences to STYX guitarist Tommy Shaw, whose mother passed away in Montgomery, Alabama on Wednesday (May 30). Mildred Uline Shaw was born in Malden, Missouri on March 3, 1927. According to her obituary, she worked as a nurse at Jackson Hospital in Montgomery before retiring. She was also an accomplished harmonica player. 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after …20 years ago today, Styx released Cyclorama, their 14th studio album, on February 18, 2003. In a Styxworld exclusive, guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw, co-founding guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young, keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence Gowan, drummer Todd Sucherman, former bandmember Glen Burtnik, the late producer Gary Loizzo, the late … Tommy Shaw’s fans know that he is a member of STYX, he used to be in DAMN YANKEES, he recorded four solo albums and two with his DY colleague Jack Blades. They also know that he sings, plays the guitar and writes his own music. In short, they discovered his many talents years ago. . The shows will be held March 6 through April 6, and October 25 through November 9, 2024 at 8:30 p.m. Joining Pilson and guitarist Mick Jones in the band's current lineup are Hansen, Michael ...Apr 23, 2020 · Jeanne Mason, popularly known as a third wife of Tommy Shaw, a famous vocalist and guitarist of band, Styx. Their wedding was officiated on December 28, 2000. Although it's been a long time of their marriage, they haven't shared children yet. Her husband was previously married twice before Jeane. Similarly, he is a member of Styx (rock band). He also wrote “ Girls with Gun ” for the TV series Miami Vice. Tommy Shaw has accumulated $18 million of net worth from his hard work. Author Admin. Jeanne Mason is known as the wife of Tommy Roland Shaw, a famous songwriter, guitarist, and singer. Mason is the third wife of Tommy.The song reached No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped the charts in Canada, but guitarist Tommy Shaw's reported dislike of the song and direction of the group's concert performances — which ...The songs of STYX / Tommy Shaw / Damn Yankees are infused with the energy of the finest high-school-aged musicians in Ohio, ... as well as a Blu-ray of The MissionT mixed in 5.1 Surround Sound by singer/guitarist Tommy Shaw and producer Will Evankovich accompanied by stunning visualizations for each of the album’s 14 songs based on the album ...Once again, the song did better chart-wise in Canada, reaching #20 than in America, where it peaked at #29. The song was written by guitarist Tommy Shaw. The idea of the song came from Shaw’s perception of …Oct 19, 2022 · For guitarist Tommy Shaw, who joined Styx in 1975, there’s little question that the band have always pursued a distinctly progressive path. “We’ve never moved totally away from our love of prog. Even when we had hit singles like Babe, you could listen to our albums and hear songs which were a lot more musically challenging. For guitarist Tommy Shaw, who joined Styx in 1975, there’s little question that the band have always pursued a distinctly progressive path. “We’ve …Guitarist Tommy Shaw replaced John Curulewski back in the mid-70s. Tragically, Curulewski suffered a fatal brain aneurysm in 1988, while John Panozzo died in 1996 from cirrhosis.Kicking off the season is a special episode featuring legendary Styx guitarist, Tommy Shaw. RELATED: Watch Tommy Shaw of Styx Perform "Fooling Yourself" with Cleveland Youth Orchestra in Quarantine. In the first trailer for the episode, we see the guys get together for a spirited take on Styx classic 1978 single, "Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)."A top 40 Styx hit. 5. “Blue Collar Man (Long Nights)” Styx 1978. After a friend was laid off, Shaw penned this Springsteen-gone-Spandex rocker. Or if you’d rather, proto-”Livin’ on a ...47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with …47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s …published 23 February 2021. Tommy Shaw reveals the jolly green inspiration behind Styx’s 1978 hit. (Image credit: Paul Natkin/Getty Images) Some songs have a …By the time Tommy Shaw replaced original guitarist and vocalist John Curulewski for 1976’s Crystal Ball, the music was more radio friendly, ... Shaw, however, sees 1978’s hard-rocking Pieces Of Eight as the high point of the perceived ‘classic’ styx line-up of himself, DeYoung, guitarist James ‘JY’ Young and brothers Chuck (bass) and …Sing for the Day! Tommy Shaw solo 2016 concert performance with the Contemporary Youth Orchestra made a grand debut on four of Billboard’s charts last week, including #5 on the “Classical Albums” chart.It also debuted at #5 on the “Classical Crossover Albums” chart, #6 on the “Top DVD Music Videos” chart, #8 on the “Music …Styx toured across the US in the spring and summer of 1991 but their success was short-lived as they were dropped after A&M Records was purchased by … Come on in and see what’s happening with a magical band of musical craftsmen on a holy Mission to make sweet, sweet sounds in the air night after night. BY MIKE METTLER, CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER OF THE GLOBAL SPACE EXPLORATION PROGRAM (GSEP), SOUNDBARD & RESIDENT STYXOLOGIST. James “JY” Young Lead vocals, guitars. Tommy Shaw Lead vocals ... STYX 2023 WORLD TOUR Sep 23, 2023. ... Availability. On Sale Now; Doors Open. 7:00 PM; Event Details. James “JY” Young Lead vocals, guitars Tommy Shaw Lead vocals, guitars Chuck Panozzo Bass, vocals Todd Sucherman Drums, percussion Lawrence Gowan Lead vocals, keyboards Ricky Phillips Bass, guitar, vocals. Harmony. …It also hit no. 20 on the Canada RPM Top Singles chart the week of May 6, 1978. The song was written by guitarist Tommy Shaw. It was originally based on Shaw's initial perception of Styx keyboardist Dennis DeYoung — an "angry young man" who viewed the group's successes with a wary eye and grew angry or depressed with every setback.The group decided to track the album at guitarist Tommy Shaw’s studio during the fall ... Shaw joined Styx in December 1975 as a guitarist/vocalist and instantly became one of the band’s most ...Crystal Ball, Styx’s sixth studio album and the first to feature Tommy Shaw on guitar and vocals, was released 42 years ago today on October 1, 1976. Recorded at Paragon Studios in Chicago and produced by Styx with assistance from Barry Mraz, Crystal Ball reached #66 on the Pop Albums chart, and “Mademoiselle” (with lead vocals from …As a celebratory nod to the album’s success, STYX singer/guitarist Tommy Shaw collaborated with 88 kids (ages 12-18) from the Contemporary Youth Orchestra in Cleveland, OH, who gathered together from their homes to record their parts for an extra special performance “Fooling Yourself” with Shaw at his home in Nashville, Music …After watching Hagar’s emphatic set, Shaw sought out the Red Rocker the following night. “ [Shaw] comes into my dressing room and said, ‘Dude, I just want to tell you, you just did me the ...20 years ago today, Styx released Cyclorama, their 14th studio album, on February 18, 2003. In a Styxworld exclusive, guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw, co-founding guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young, keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence Gowan, drummer Todd Sucherman, former bandmember Glen Burtnik, the late producer Gary Loizzo, the late …20 years ago today, Styx released Cyclorama, their 14th studio album, on February 18, 2003. In a Styxworld exclusive, guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw, co-founding guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young, keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence Gowan, drummer Todd Sucherman, former bandmember Glen Burtnik, the late producer Gary Loizzo, the late …Styx's addition of hard-rocking everyman Tommy Shaw before 1976’s Crystal Ball forever shifted the band’s dynamic toward founding guitarist James "J.Y." Young’s clear penchant for straight ...Oct 19, 2022 · For guitarist Tommy Shaw, who joined Styx in 1975, there’s little question that the band have always pursued a distinctly progressive path. “We’ve never moved totally away from our love of prog. Even when we had hit singles like Babe, you could listen to our albums and hear songs which were a lot more musically challenging. In the winter of 1975, Tommy Shaw was asked to audition in Chicago for the band Styx without ever having to take out his guitar. After the band listened to Shaw’s demo tape and found him able to sing the high notes from “Lady,” he was hired. We’ll pre-date the ‘80s just a bit to reference the band’s 1977 magnum opus, The Grand ...Once again, the song did better chart-wise in Canada, reaching #20 than in America, where it peaked at #29. The song was written by guitarist Tommy Shaw. The idea of the song came from Shaw’s perception of …47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s release! — along with …"Sing For The Day!" showcases Styx guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw's rousing 2016 solo turn with the Cleveland-based Contemporary Youth Orchestra,under the direction of principal conductor/founder Liza …Rafael Polcaro. Published on 06/15/2020. Styx vocalist and guitarist Tommy Shaw talked about the band’s possible induction to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in an interview with Meltdown of the Detroit radio WRIF. Advertisement.47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after …Tommy Shaw is an American national singer and guitarist.Tommy Shaw mostly uses guitars manufactured by Hamer guitars, Fender, and Gibson brands. He is known for being one of the seven members of the rock band Styx.. The other members are Chuck Panozzo, James “J.Y.” Young, Todd Sucherman, Lawrence Gowan, Ricky Phillips, and Will Evankovich.Rafael Polcaro. Published on 06/15/2020. Styx vocalist and guitarist Tommy Shaw talked about the band’s possible induction to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in an interview with Meltdown of the Detroit radio WRIF. Advertisement.20 years ago today, Styx released Cyclorama, their 14th studio album, on February 18, 2003. In a Styxworld exclusive, guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw, co-founding guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young, keyboardist/vocalist Lawrence Gowan, drummer Todd Sucherman, former bandmember Glen Burtnik, the late producer Gary Loizzo, the late drum …Tommy Shaw - 2: "Little Suzie" and "It Takes Love" For their Greatest Hits Part 2 compilation - the follow-up to 1995's part-one release - Styx decided to include two previously unreleased tracks. Tommy got his start with Styx when the band was looking to replace guitarist & vocalist John Curulewski who had left the band. At the time Tommy was playing with a band named Harvest playing at a ... Girls With Guns. is a classic rock song that was written and performed by Tommy Shaw, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the legendary rock band Styx. The song was originally released as a single from Shaw’s 1984 solo album “Girls With Guns,” which was his first foray into the world of solo recording.STYX 2023 WORLD TOUR Sep 23, 2023. ... Availability. On Sale Now; Doors Open. 7:00 PM; Event Details. James “JY” Young Lead vocals, guitars Tommy Shaw Lead vocals, guitars Chuck Panozzo Bass, vocals Todd Sucherman Drums, percussion Lawrence Gowan Lead vocals, keyboards Ricky Phillips Bass, guitar, vocals. Harmony. …STYX graces the cover of issue 27 of Rock Candy magazine in a 16-page extravaganza featuring interviews with all six members of the legendary band. And guitarist and vocalist Tommy Shaw doesn't ...47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s …47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after the album’s …Jun 6, 2018 · http://www.eagle-rock.com/tommy-shawSing For The Day! showcases Styx guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw's rousing 2016 solo turn with the Cleveland-based Contempo... 47 years ago today, Styx’s fifth studio album, Equinox, was released on December 1, 1975.In a Styxworld exclusive, co-founding bandmembers guitarist/vocalist James “JY” Young and bassist Chuck Panozzo tell us how Equinox was made, while guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw — who joined Styx fulltime less than two weeks after … Tommy Shaw. 48,297 likes · 48 talking about this. Tommy Shaw is a singer, songwriter, and guitarist for the rock band Styx. Jun 6, 2018 · http://www.eagle-rock.com/tommy-shawSing For The Day! showcases Styx guitarist/vocalist Tommy Shaw's rousing 2016 solo turn with the Cleveland-based Contempo... Oct 1, 2021 · Crystal Ball, Styx’s sixth studio album and their first to feature Tommy Shaw on guitar and vocals, was released 45 years ago today on October 1, 1976. Recorded at Paragon Studios in Chicago and produced by Styx with assistance from Barry Mraz, Crystal Ball reached No. 66 on the Pop Albums chart. ---1